Stochastic-based approach to quantify the uncertainty of groundwater vulnerability

The study proposes a stochastic approach to quantify the uncertainty of groundwater vulnerability (GV) produced by classical index-overlay methods. In analysis, physical-based MODFLOW model has been integrated with DRASTIC method and modified analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Specifically, flow fields from provide parameters depth water associated hydraulic conductivity (K) for method. loops between models enable evaluations GV maps considering sources in geological stress changes an aquifer system. illustrating practical implementations, considers heterogeneity K Pingtung Plain basin southern Taiwan. Different degrees were assessed impact on mappings. Results show that integration parameter information stochastic-based mapping can improve accuracy reliability assessment. have accounted source uncertainty. There are significant discrepancies values spatial distribution intensity all classes. results clarify potential risk contamination basin.